4.2.2.11. Graph constraints

Many of these constraints operate on graphs that are represented as lists of edges. The constraints take a given (fixed) graph as arguments, which is represented using two arrays, from and to, representing the graph with edges (from[i],to[i]), where from[i] and to[i] are nodes of the graph.

In this section: bounded_dpath, bounded_path, circuit, connected, d_weighted_spanning_tree, dag, dconnected, dpath, dreachable, dsteiner, dtree, network_flow, network_flow_cost, path, reachable, steiner, subcircuit, subgraph, tree, weighted_spanning_tree.

bounded_dpath

1.  predicate bounded_dpath(int: N,
                            int: E,
                            array [int] of int: from,
                            array [int] of int: to,
                            array [int] of int: w,
                            var int: s,
                            var int: t,
                            array [int] of var bool: ns,
                            array [int] of var bool: es,
                            var int: K)

2.  predicate bounded_dpath(array [int] of $$N: from,
                            array [int] of $$N: to,
                            array [int] of int: w,
                            var $$N: s,
                            var $$N: t,
                            array [$$N] of var bool: ns,
                            array [int] of var bool: es,
                            var int: K)
  1. Constrains the subgraph ns and es of a given directed graph to be a path from s to t of weight K.

    Parameters:

    • N: the number of nodes in the given graph

    • E: the number of edges in the given graph

    • from: the leaving node 1..N for each edge

    • to: the entering node 1..N for each edge

    • w: the weight of each edge

    • s: the source node (which may be variable)

    • t: the dest node (which may be variable)

    • ns: a Boolean for each node whether it is in the subgraph

    • es: a Boolean for each edge whether it is in the subgraph

    • K: the cost of the path

  2. Constrains the subgraph ns and es of a given directed graph to be a path from s to t of weight K.

    Parameters:

    • from: the leaving node for each edge

    • to: the entering node for each edge

    • w: the weight of each edge

    • s: the source node (which may be variable)

    • t: the dest node (which may be variable)

    • ns: a Boolean for each node whether it is in the subgraph

    • es: a Boolean for each edge whether it is in the subgraph

    • K: the cost of the path

bounded_path

1.  predicate bounded_path(int: N,
                           int: E,
                           array [int] of int: from,
                           array [int] of int: to,
                           array [int] of int: w,
                           var int: s,
                           var int: t,
                           array [int] of var bool: ns,
                           array [int] of var bool: es,
                           var int: K)

2.  predicate bounded_path(array [int] of $$N: from,
                           array [int] of $$N: to,
                           array [int] of int: w,
                           var $$N: s,
                           var $$N: t,
                           array [$$N] of var bool: ns,
                           array [int] of var bool: es,
                           var int: K)
  1. Constrains the subgraph ns and es of a given undirected graph to be a path from s to t of weight K.

    Parameters:

    • N: the number of nodes in the given graph

    • E: the number of edges in the given graph

    • from: the leaving node 1..N for each edge

    • to: the entering node 1..N for each edge

    • w: the weight of each edge

    • s: the source node (which may be variable)

    • t: the dest node (which may be variable)

    • ns: a Boolean for each node whether it is in the subgraph

    • es: a Boolean for each edge whether it is in the subgraph

    • K: the cost of the path

  2. Constrains the subgraph ns and es of a given undirected graph to be a path from s to t of weight K.

    Parameters:

    • from: the leaving node for each edge

    • to: the entering node for each edge

    • w: the weight of each edge

    • s: the source node (which may be variable)

    • t: the dest node (which may be variable)

    • ns: a Boolean for each node whether it is in the subgraph

    • es: a Boolean for each edge whether it is in the subgraph

    • K: the cost of the path

circuit

1.  predicate circuit(array [$$E] of var $$E: x)

2.  predicate circuit(array [$$E] of var opt $$E: x)
  1. Constrains the elements of x to define a circuit where x[i] = j means that j is the successor of i.

  2. Constrains the elements of x to define a circuit where x[i] = j means that j is the successor of i. Absent elements do not take part in the circuit.

connected

predicate connected(array [$$E] of $$N: from,
                    array [$$E] of $$N: to,
                    array [$$N] of var bool: ns,
                    array [$$E] of var bool: es)

Constrains the subgraph ns and es of a given undirected graph to be connected.

Parameters:

  • from: is the leaving node for each edge

  • to: is the entering node for each edge

  • ns: is a Boolean for each node whether it is in the subgraph

  • es: is a Boolean for each edge whether it is in the subgraph

d_weighted_spanning_tree

predicate d_weighted_spanning_tree(int: N,
                                   int: E,
                                   array [int] of int: from,
                                   array [int] of int: to,
                                   array [int] of int: w,
                                   var int: r,
                                   array [int] of var bool: es,
                                   var int: K)

Constrains the set of edges es of a given directed graph to be a weighted spanning tree rooted at r of weight W.

Parameters:

  • N: the number of nodes in the given graph

  • E: the number of edges in the given graph

  • from: the leaving node 1..N for each edge

  • to: the entering node 1..N for each edge

  • w: the weight of each edge

  • r: the root node (which may be variable)

  • es: a Boolean for each edge whether it is in the subgraph

  • K: the weight of the tree

dag

predicate dag(array [$$E] of $$N: from,
              array [$$E] of $$N: to,
              array [$$N] of var bool: ns,
              array [$$E] of var bool: es)

Constrains the subgraph ns and es of a given directed graph to be a DAG.

Parameters:

  • from: the leaving node for each edge

  • to: the entering node for each edge

  • ns: a Boolean for each node whether it is in the subgraph

  • es: a Boolean for each edge whether it is in the subgraph

dconnected

predicate dconnected(array [$$E] of $$N: from,
                     array [$$E] of $$N: to,
                     array [$$N] of var bool: ns,
                     array [$$E] of var bool: es)

Constrains the subgraph ns and es of a given directed graph to be connected.

Parameters:

  • from: the leaving node for each edge

  • to: the entering node for each edge

  • ns: a Boolean for each node whether it is in the subgraph

  • es: a Boolean for each edge whether it is in the subgraph

dpath

1.  predicate dpath(int: N,
                    int: E,
                    array [int] of int: from,
                    array [int] of int: to,
                    var int: s,
                    var int: t,
                    array [int] of var bool: ns,
                    array [int] of var bool: es)

2.  predicate dpath(array [int] of $$N: from,
                    array [int] of $$N: to,
                    var $$N: s,
                    var $$N: t,
                    array [$$N] of var bool: ns,
                    array [int] of var bool: es)
  1. Constrains the subgraph ns and es of a given directed graph to be a path from s to t.

    Parameters:

    • N: the number of nodes in the given graph

    • E: the number of edges in the given graph

    • from: the leaving node 1..N for each edge

    • to: the entering node 1..N for each edge

    • s: the source node (which may be variable)

    • t: the dest node (which may be variable)

    • ns: a Boolean for each node whether it is in the subgraph

    • es: a Boolean for each edge whether it is in the subgraph

  2. Constrains the subgraph ns and es of a given directed graph to be a path from s to t.

    Parameters:

    • from: the leaving node for each edge

    • to: the entering node for each edge

    • s: the source node (which may be variable)

    • t: the dest node (which may be variable)

    • ns: a Boolean for each node whether it is in the subgraph

    • es: a Boolean for each edge whether it is in the subgraph

dreachable

1.  predicate dreachable(int: N,
                         int: E,
                         array [int] of int: from,
                         array [int] of int: to,
                         var int: r,
                         array [int] of var bool: ns,
                         array [int] of var bool: es)

2.  predicate dreachable(array [int] of $$N: from,
                         array [int] of $$N: to,
                         var $$N: r,
                         array [$$N] of var bool: ns,
                         array [int] of var bool: es)
  1. Constrains the subgraph ns and es of a given directed graph to be reachable from r.

    Parameters:

    • N: the number of nodes in the given graph

    • E: the number of edges in the given graph

    • from: the leaving node 1..N for each edge

    • to: the entering node 1..N for each edge

    • r: the root node (which may be variable)

    • ns: a Boolean for each node whether it is in the subgraph

    • es: a Boolean for each edge whether it is in the subgraph

  2. Constrains the subgraph ns and es of a given directed graph to be reachable from r.

    Parameters:

    • from: the leaving node for each edge

    • to: the entering node for each edge

    • r: the root node (which may be variable)

    • ns: a Boolean for each node whether it is in the subgraph

    • es: a Boolean for each edge whether it is in the subgraph

dsteiner

predicate dsteiner(int: N,
                   int: E,
                   array [int] of int: from,
                   array [int] of int: to,
                   array [int] of int: w,
                   var int: r,
                   array [int] of var bool: ns,
                   array [int] of var bool: es,
                   var int: K)

Constrains the subgraph ns and es of a given directed graph to be a weighted spanning tree rooted at r of weight W.

Parameters:

  • N: the number of nodes in the given graph

  • E: the number of edges in the given graph

  • from: the leaving node 1..N for each edge

  • to: the entering node 1..N for each edge

  • w: the weight of each edge

  • r: the root node (which may be variable)

  • ns: a Boolean for each node whether it is in the subgraph

  • es: a Boolean for each edge whether it is in the subgraph

  • K: the weight of the tree

dtree

1.  predicate dtree(int: N,
                    int: E,
                    array [int] of int: from,
                    array [int] of int: to,
                    var int: r,
                    array [int] of var bool: ns,
                    array [int] of var bool: es)

2.  predicate dtree(array [$$E] of $$N: from,
                    array [$$E] of $$N: to,
                    var $$N: r,
                    array [$$N] of var bool: ns,
                    array [$$E] of var bool: es)
  1. Constrains the subgraph ns and es of a given directed graph to be a tree rooted at r.

    Parameters:

    • N: the number of nodes in the given graph

    • E: the number of edges in the given graph

    • from: the leaving node 1..N for each edge

    • to: the entering node 1..N for each edge

    • r: the root node (which may be variable)

    • ns: a Boolean for each node whether it is in the subgraph

    • es: a Boolean for each edge whether it is in the subgraph

  2. Constrains the subgraph ns and es of a given directed graph to be at tree rooted at r.

    Parameters:

    • from: the leaving node for each edge

    • to: the entering node for each edge

    • r: the root node (which may be variable)

    • ns: a Boolean for each node whether it is in the subgraph

    • es: a Boolean for each edge whether it is in the subgraph

network_flow

predicate network_flow(array [$$E,1..2] of $$N: arc,
                       array [$$N] of int: balance,
                       array [$$E] of var int: flow)

Defines a network flow constraint.

Parameters:

  • arc: a directed arc of the flow network. Arc i connects node arc[i,1] to node arc[i,2].

  • balance: the amount of flow added or removed by each node. If the balance is positive then flow is added by the node, and it is removed when it is negative, i.e., balance = output - input.

  • flow: the flow going through each arc.

network_flow_cost

predicate network_flow_cost(array [$$E,1..2] of $$N: arc,
                            array [$$N] of int: balance,
                            array [$$E] of int: weight,
                            array [$$E] of var int: flow,
                            var int: cost)

Defines a network flow constraint with cost.

Parameters:

  • arc: a directed arc of the flow network. Arc i connects node arc[i,1] to node arc[i,2].

  • balance: the amount of flow added or removed by each node. If the balance is positive then flow is added by the node, and it is removed when it is negative, i.e., balance = output - input.

  • weight: the unit cost of the flow through the arc.

  • flow: the flow going through each arc.

  • cost: the overall cost of the flow.

path

1.  predicate path(int: N,
                   int: E,
                   array [int] of int: from,
                   array [int] of int: to,
                   var int: s,
                   var int: t,
                   array [int] of var bool: ns,
                   array [int] of var bool: es)

2.  predicate path(array [int] of $$N: from,
                   array [int] of $$N: to,
                   var $$N: s,
                   var $$N: t,
                   array [$$N] of var bool: ns,
                   array [int] of var bool: es)
  1. Constrains the subgraph ns and es of a given undirected graph to be a path from s to t.

    Parameters:

    • N: the number of nodes in the given graph

    • E: the number of edges in the given graph

    • from: the leaving node 1..N for each edge

    • to: the entering node 1..N for each edge

    • s: the source node (which may be variable)

    • t: the dest node (which may be variable)

    • ns: a Boolean for each node whether it is in the subgraph

    • es: a Boolean for each edge whether it is in the subgraph

  2. Constrains the subgraph ns and es of a given undirected graph to be a path from s to t.

    Parameters:

    • from: the leaving node for each edge

    • to: the entering node for each edge

    • s: the source node (which may be variable)

    • t: the dest node (which may be variable)

    • ns: a Boolean for each node whether it is in the subgraph

    • es: a Boolean for each edge whether it is in the subgraph

reachable

1.  predicate reachable(int: N,
                        int: E,
                        array [int] of int: from,
                        array [int] of int: to,
                        var int: r,
                        array [int] of var bool: ns,
                        array [int] of var bool: es)

2.  predicate reachable(array [int] of $$N: from,
                        array [int] of $$N: to,
                        var $$N: r,
                        array [$$N] of var bool: ns,
                        array [int] of var bool: es)
  1. Constrains the subgraph ns and es of a given undirected graph to be reachable from r.

    Parameters:

    • N: the number of nodes in the given graph

    • E: the number of edges in the given graph

    • from: the leaving node 1..N for each edge

    • to: the entering node 1..N for each edge

    • r: the root node (which may be variable)

    • ns: a Boolean for each node whether it is in the subgraph

    • es: a Boolean for each edge whether it is in the subgraph

  2. Constrains the subgraph ns and es of a given undirected graph to be reachable from r.

    Parameters:

    • from: the leaving node for each edge

    • to: the entering node for each edge

    • r: the root node (which may be variable)

    • ns: a Boolean for each node whether it is in the subgraph

    • es: a Boolean for each edge whether it is in the subgraph

steiner

predicate steiner(int: N,
                  int: E,
                  array [int] of int: from,
                  array [int] of int: to,
                  array [int] of int: w,
                  array [int] of var bool: ns,
                  array [int] of var bool: es,
                  var int: K)

Constrains the set of edges es of a given undirected graph to be a weighted spanning tree of weight W.

Parameters:

  • N: the number of nodes in the given graph

  • E: the number of edges in the given graph

  • from: the leaving node 1..N for each edge

  • to: the entering node 1..N for each edge

  • w: the weight of each edge

  • ns: a Boolean for each node whether it is in the subgraph

  • es: a Boolean for each edge whether it is in the subgraph

  • K: the weight of the tree

subcircuit

predicate subcircuit(array [$$E] of var $$E: x)

Constrains the elements of x to define a subcircuit where x[i] = j means that j is the successor of i and x[i] = i means that i is not in the circuit.

subgraph

1.  predicate subgraph(int: N,
                       int: E,
                       array [int] of int: from,
                       array [int] of int: to,
                       array [int] of var bool: ns,
                       array [int] of var bool: es)

2.  predicate subgraph(array [$$E] of $$N: from,
                       array [$$E] of $$N: to,
                       array [$$N] of var bool: ns,
                       array [$$E] of var bool: es)
  1. Constrains that ns and es is a subgraph of a given directed graph.

    Parameters:

    • N: the number of nodes in the given graph

    • E: the number of edges in the given graph

    • from: the leaving node 1..N for each edge

    • to: the entering node 1..N for each edge

    • ns: a Boolean for each node whether it is in the subgraph

    • es: a Boolean for each edge whether it is in the subgraph

  2. Constrains that ns and es is a subgraph of a given directed graph.

    Parameters:

    • from: the leaving node for each edge

    • to: the entering node for each edge

    • ns: a Boolean for each node whether it is in the subgraph

    • es: a Boolean for each edge whether it is in the subgraph

tree

1.  predicate tree(int: N,
                   int: E,
                   array [int] of int: from,
                   array [int] of int: to,
                   var int: r,
                   array [int] of var bool: ns,
                   array [int] of var bool: es)

2.  predicate tree(array [$$E] of $$N: from,
                   array [$$E] of $$N: to,
                   var $$N: r,
                   array [$$N] of var bool: ns,
                   array [$$E] of var bool: es)
  1. Constrains the subgraph ns and es of a given undirected graph to be a tree rooted at r.

    Parameters:

    • N: the number of nodes in the given graph

    • E: the number of edges in the given graph

    • from: the leaving node 1..N for each edge

    • to: the entering node 1..N for each edge

    • r: the root node (which may be variable)

    • ns: a Boolean for each node whether it is in the subgraph

    • es: a Boolean for each edge whether it is in the subgraph

  2. Constrains the subgraph ns and es of a given undirected graph to be at tree rooted at r.

    Parameters:

    • from: the leaving node for each edge

    • to: the entering node for each edge

    • r: the root node (which may be variable)

    • ns: a Boolean for each node whether it is in the subgraph

    • es: a Boolean for each edge whether it is in the subgraph

weighted_spanning_tree

predicate weighted_spanning_tree(int: N,
                                 int: E,
                                 array [int] of int: from,
                                 array [int] of int: to,
                                 array [int] of int: w,
                                 array [int] of var bool: es,
                                 var int: K)

Constrains the set of edges es of a given undirected graph to be a weighted spanning tree of weight W.

Parameters:

  • N: the number of nodes in the given graph

  • E: the number of edges in the given graph

  • from: the leaving node 1..N for each edge

  • to: the entering node 1..N for each edge

  • w: the weight of each edge

  • es: a Boolean for each edge whether it is in the subgraph

  • K: the weight of the tree