# 3.4. Solving Technologies and Solver Backends¶

The minizinc tool can use various solver backends for a given model. Some solvers are separate executables that are called by minizinc; other solvers are part of the minizinc binary (either hard-coded or loaded as a dynamic library or “plugin”). In the former case, a temporary FlatZinc file is created and passed to the solver binary; in the latter one, the flattened model is passed to the backend directly in memory. Some solvers are part of the binary MiniZinc distribution, others have to be installed separately. You can find instructions for installing these solvers from source code and integrating into the minizinc tool in Installation from Source Code. This chapter summarises usage options available for various target solvers.

The help text of minizinc shows a list of configured solver backends and their tags. You can see solver-specific command-line options by running

\$ minizinc --help <solver-id or tag>


## 3.4.1. Constraint Programming Solvers¶

Constraint Programming is the ‘native’ paradigm of MiniZinc. Below we discuss most common CP solvers. For their performance, consult MiniZinc Challenges (https://www.minizinc.org/challenge.html).

### 3.4.1.1. Gecode¶

Gecode is an open-source constraint programming system (see https://www.gecode.org). It supports many of MiniZinc’s global constraints natively, and has support for integer, set and float variables.

Gecode supports a number of constraints and search annotations that are not part of the MiniZinc standard library. You can get access to these by adding include "gecode.mzn"; to your model. The additional declarations are documented in Section 4.2.4.

### 3.4.1.2. Chuffed¶

Chuffed is a constraint solver based on lazy clause generation (see https://github.com/chuffed/chuffed). This type of solver adapts techniques from SAT solving, such as conflict clause learning, watched literal propagation and activity-based search heuristics, and can often be much faster than traditional CP solvers.

In order to take full advantage of Chuffed’s performance, it is often useful to add a search annotation to the model (see Search), but allow Chuffed to switch between this defined search and its activity-based search. In order to enable this behaviour, use the -f (free search) command line option or select Free search in the solver configuration pane of the MiniZinc IDE.

Chuffed supports a number of additional search annotations that are not part of the MiniZinc standard library. The additional declarations are documented in Section 4.2.5.

### 3.4.1.3. OR-Tools¶

OR-Tools is a powerful open-source CP/SAT/LP solver (see https://developers.google.com/optimization/). It supports many of MiniZinc’s global constraints natively. It often performs better multi-threaded (option -p) so it can employ various solving technologies. A search annotation (see Search) can be useful, however allowing OR-Tools to mix the prescribed strategy with its own (option -f) usually is best, analogously to Chuffed.

## 3.4.2. Mixed-Integer Programming Solvers¶

MiniZinc has built-in support for Mixed Integer Programing solvers. If you have any MIP solver installed (and MiniZinc was compiled with its support), you can run a model using MIP like this on the command line:

minizinc --solver mip -v -s -a model.mzn data.dzn


Of course, you can also select a particular solver, e.g. Gurobi (in case it is available):

minizinc --solver gurobi -v -s -a model.mzn data.dzn


### 3.4.2.1. MIP-Aware Modeling (But Mostly Useful for All Backends)¶

Avoid mixing positive and negative coefficients in the objective. Use ‘complementing’ variables to revert sense.

Avoid nested expressions which are hard to linearize (decompose for MIP). For example, instead of

constraint forall(s in TASKS)(exists([whentask[s]=0] ++


prefer the tight domain constraint

constraint forall(s in TASKS)(whentask[s] in
{0} union array_union([ start[s]+(t*numslots) .. stop[s]+(t*numslots) | t in 0..nummachines-1]));


To avoid numerical issues, make variable domains as tight as possible (compiler can deduce bounds in certain cases but explicit bounding can be stronger). Try to keep magnitude difference in each constraint below 1e4. Especially for variables involved in logical constraints, if you cannot reduce the domains to be in +/-1e4, consider indicator constraints (available for some solvers, see below), or use the following trick: instead of saying b=1 -> x<=0 where x can become very big, use e.g. b=1 -> 0.001*x<=0.0. Especially for integer variables, the domain size of 1e4 should be an upper bound if possible – what is the value of integrality otherwise? Avoid large coefficients too, as well as large values in the objective function. See more on tolerances in the Solver Options section.

Example 1: basic big-M constraint vs implication. Instead of <expr> <= 1000000*y given var 0..1: y and where you use the ‘big-M’ value of 1000000 because you don’t know a good upper bound on <expr>, prefer y=0 -> <expr> <= 0 so that MiniZinc computes a possibly tighter bound, and consider the above trick: y=0 -> 0.0001*<expr> <= 0.0 to reduce magnitudes.

Example 2: cost-based choice. Assume you want the model to make a certain decision, e.g., constructing a road, but then its cost should be minimal among some others, otherwise not considered. This can be modeled as follows:

var 0..1: c;                                             %% Whether we construct the road
var int: cost_road = 286*c + 1000000*(1-c);
var int: cost_final = min( [ cost_road, cost1, cost2 ] );


Note the big coefficient in the definition of cost_road. It can lead to numerical issues and a wrong answer: when the solver’s integrality tolerance is 1e-6, it can assume c=0.999999 as equivalent to c=1 leading to cost_road=287 after rounding.

A better solution, given reasonable bounds on cost1 and cost2, is to replace the definition as follows:

int: cost_others_ub = 1+2*ub_array( [cost1, cost2] );    %% Multiply by 2 for a stronger LP relaxation
var int: cost_road = 286*c + cost_others_ub*(1-c);


### 3.4.2.2. Useful Flattening Parameters¶

The following parameters can be given on the command line or modified in share/minizinc/linear/options.mzn:

-D nSECcuts=0/1/2                            %% Subtour Elimination Constraints, see below
-D fMIPdomains=true/false                    %% The unified domains feature, see below
-D float_EPS=1e-6                            %% Epsilon for floats' strict comparison,
%% used e.g. for the following cases:
%% x!=y, x<y, b -> x<y, b <-> x<=y
-DfIndConstr=true -DfMIPdomains=false        %% Use solver's indicator constraints, see below
-DMinMaxGeneral=true                         %% Send min/max constraints to the solver (Gurobi only)
-DQuadrFloat=false -DQuadrInt=false          %% Not forward float/integer multiplications for MIQCP backends, see below
-DCumulative=false                           %% Not forward cumulative with fixed durations/resources (SCIP only)
--no-half-reifications                       %% Turn off halfreification (full reification was until v2.2.3)


### 3.4.2.3. Some Solver Options and Changed Default Values¶

The following command-line options affect the backend or invoke extra functionality. Note that some of them have default values which may be different from the backend’s ones. For example, tolerances have been tightened to enable more precise solving with integer variables and objective. This slightly deteriorates performance on average, so when your model has moderate constant and bound magnitudes, you may want to pass negative values to use solver’s defaults.

-h <solver-tag>    full description of the backend options
--relGap <n>       relative gap |primal-dual|/<solver-dep> to stop. Default 1e-8, set <0 to use backend's default
--feasTol <n>      primal feasibility tolerance (Gurobi). Default 1e-8
--intTol <n>       integrality tolerance for a variable. Default 1e-8
--solver-time-limit-feas <n>, --solver-tlf <n>
stop after <n> milliseconds after the first feasible solution (some backends)
--writeModel <file>
write model to <file> (.lp, .mps, .sav, ...). All solvers support the MPS format
which is industry standard. Most support the LP format. Some solvers have own formats,
for example, the CIP format of SCIP ("constraint integer programming").
read backend-specific parameters from file (some backends)
--writeParam <file>
write backend-specific parameters to file (some backends)
each of these commands specifies a parameter file of one concurrent solve (Gurobi only)
--keep-paths       this standard flattening option annotates every item in FlatZinc by its "flattening history".
For MIP solvers, it additionally assigns each constraint's name as the first 255 symbols of that.
--cbcArgs '-guess -cuts off -preprocess off -passc 1'
parameters for the COIN-OR CBC backend


All MIP solvers directly support multi-threading (option -p). For COIN-BC to use it, it needs to be configured with --enable-cbc-parallel.

### 3.4.2.4. Subtour Elimination Constraints¶

Optionally use the SEC cuts for the circuit global constraint. Currently only Gurobi, IBM ILOG CPLEX, and COIN-OR CBC (trunk as of Nov 2019). If compiling from source, this needs boost and cmake flag -DCOMPILE_BOOST_MINCUT=ON (or #define it in lib/algorithms/min_cut.cpp). Compile your model with the flag -DnSECcuts= with the following possible : 0,1: use MTZ formulation; 1,2: pass on circuit constraints to the SEC cut generator, so 1 would use both.

### 3.4.2.5. Unified Domains (MIPdomains)¶

The ‘MIPdomains’ feature of the Flattener aims at reducing the number of binary flags encoding linearized domain constraints, see the paper Belov, Stuckey, Tack, Wallace. Improved Linearization of Constraint Programming Models. CP 2016.

By default it is on. To turn it off which might be good for some models, add option -D fMIPdomains=false during flattening. Some parameters of the unification are available, run with --help.

### 3.4.2.6. Indicator Constraints¶

Some solvers (IBM ILOG CPLEX, Gurobi, SCIP) have indicator constrains with greater numerical stability than big-M decomposition. Moreover, they can be applied to decompose logical constraints on unbounded variables. However, for reified comparisons with reasonable big-M bounds they perform worse because solvers don’t include them in the LP relaxation. Add command-line parameters -D fIndConstr=true -D fMIPdomains=false when flattening to use them.

### 3.4.2.7. Quadratic Constraints and Objectives (MIQCP)¶

Gurobi 9.0 and SCIP support MIQCP (invoking non-convex global optimizer because MiniZinc translates multiplication to equality with an intermediate variable: whenever the model uses an expression x*y it is converted to z with z==x*y which is non-convex). While this is mostly advantageous for integer multiplication (which is linearly decomposed for other solvers), for float variables this is the only way to go. To switch off forwarding float/integer multiplications to the backend, run compiler with either or both of -DQuadrFloat=false -DQuadrInt=false.

### 3.4.2.8. Pools of User Cuts and Lazy Constraints¶

Some constraints in the model can be declared as user and/or lazy cuts and they will be added to the corresponding pools for the solvers supporting them. For that, apply annotations ::MIP_cut and/or ::MIP_lazy after a constraint. For Gurobi and IBM ILOG CPLEX, see share/minizinc/linear/options.mzn for their exact meaning.

### 3.4.2.9. Warm Starts¶

For general information of warm start annotations, see Warm Starts. Warm starts are currently implemented for Gurobi, IBM ILOG CPLEX, XPRESS, and COIN-OR CBC.

## 3.4.3. Non-Linear Solvers via NL File Format¶

MiniZinc has experimental support for non-linear solvers that conform to the AMPL NL standard. There are a number of open-source solvers, such as Ipopt, Bonmin and Couenne, that can be interfaced to MiniZinc in this way.

You can download binaries of these solvers from AMPL (https://ampl.com/products/solvers/open-source/). In order to use them with MiniZinc, you need to create a solver configuration file. Future version of MiniZinc will make this easier, but for now you can follow these steps:

1. Download the solver binary. For this example, we assume you chose the Couenne solver, which supports non-linear, non-convex, mixed discrete and continuous problems.
2. Create a solver configuration file called couenne.msc in the share/minizinc/solvers directory of your MiniZinc installation, with the following contents:
{
"id" : "org.coin-or.couenne",
"name" : "Couenne",