4.3. Interfacing Solvers to Flatzinc

This document describes the interface between the MiniZinc system and FlatZinc solvers.

4.3.1. Specification of FlatZinc

This document is the specification of the FlatZinc modelling language. It also includes a definition of the standard command line options a FlatZinc solver should support in order to work with the minizinc driver program (and the MiniZinc IDE).

FlatZinc is the target constraint modelling language into which MiniZinc models are translated. It is a very simple solver independent problem specification language, requiring minimal implementation effort to support.

Throughout this document: \(r_1\), \(r_2\) denote float literals; \(x_1, x_2, \dots, x_k, i, j, k\) denote int literals; \(y_1, y_2, \dots, y_k, y_i\) denote literal array elements.

4.3.1.1. Comments

Comments start with a percent sign % and extend to the end of the line. Comments can appear anywhere in a model.

4.3.1.2. Types

There are three varieties of types in FlatZinc.

  • Parameter types apply to fixed values that are specified directly in the model.
  • Variable types apply to values computed by the solver during search. Every parameter type has a corresponding variable type; the variable type being distinguished by a var keyword.
  • Annotations and strings: annotations can appear on variable declarations, constraints, and on the solve goal. They provide information about how a variable or constraint should be treated by the solver (e.g., whether a variable should be output as part of the result or whether a particular constraint should implemented using domain consistency). Strings may appear as arguments to annotations, but nowhere else.

Parameter types

Parameters are fixed quantities explicitly specified in the model (see rule <par-type> in Section 4.3.6).

Type Values
bool true or false
float float
int int
set of int subset of int
array [1.. \(n\) ] of bool array of bools
array [1.. \(n\) ] of float array of floats
array [1.. \(n\) ] of int array of ints
array [1.. \(n\) ] of set of int array of sets of ints

A parameter may be used where a variable is expected, but not vice versa.

In predicate declarations the following additional parameter types are allowed.

Type Values
\(r_a\) .. \(r_b\) bounded float
\(x_a\) .. \(x_b\) int in range
{ \(x_a, x_b, \ldots, x_k\) } int in set
set of \(x_a\) .. \(x_b\) subset of int range
set of { \(x_a, x_b, \ldots, x_k\) } subset of int set
array [1.. \(n\) ] of \(r_a\) .. \(r_b\) array of floats in range
array [1.. \(n\) ] of \(x_a\) .. \(x_b\) array of ints in range
array [1.. \(n\) ] of set of \(x_a\) .. \(x_b\) array of sets of ints in range
array [1.. \(n\) ] of set of { \(x_a, x_b, \ldots, x_k\) } array of subsets of set

A range \(x_a\) .. \(x_b\) denotes a closed interval \(\{x | x_a \leq x \leq x_b\}\) (same for float ranges).

An array type appearing in a predicate declaration may use just int instead of 1.. \(n\) for the array index range in cases where the array argument can be of any length.

Variable types

Variables are quantities decided by the solver (see rules <basic-var-type> and <array-var-type> in Section 4.3.6).

Variable type
var bool
var float
var \(r_a\) .. \(r_b\)
var int
var \(x_a\) .. \(x_b\)
var { \(x_a, x_b, \ldots, x_k\) }
var set of \(x_a\) .. \(x_b\)
var set of { \(x_a, x_b, \ldots, x_k\) }
array [1.. \(n\) ] of var bool
array [1.. \(n\) ] of var float
array [1.. \(n\) ] of var \(r_a\) .. \(r_b\)
array [1.. \(n\) ] of var int
array [1.. \(n\) ] of var \(x_a\) .. \(x_b\)
array [1.. \(n\) ] of var set of \(x_a\) .. \(x_b\)
array [1.. \(n\) ] of var set of { \(x_a, x_b, \ldots, x_k\) }

In predicate declarations the following additional variable types are allowed.

Variable type
var set of int
array [1.. \(n\) ] of var set of int

An array type appearing in a predicate declaration may use just int instead of 1.. \(n\) for the array index range in cases where the array argument can be of any length.

The string type

String literals and literal arrays of string literals can appear as annotation arguments, but not elsewhere. Strings have the same syntax as in C programs (namely, they are delimited by double quotes and the backslash character is used for escape sequences).

Examples:

""                              % The empty string.
"Hello."
"Hello,\nWorld\t\"quoted!\""    % A string with an embedded newline, tab and quotes.

4.3.1.3. Values and expressions

(See rule <expr> in Section 4.3.6)

Examples of literal values:

Type Literals bool true, false float 2.718, -1.0, 3.0e8 int -42, 0, 69 set of int {}, {2, 3, 5}, 1..10 arrays [], [ \(y_a, \ldots, y_k\) ]

where each array element \(y_i\) is either: a non-array literal, or the name of a non-array parameter or variable, v. For example:

[1, 2, 3]             % Just literals
[x, y, z]             % x, y, and z are variables or parameters.
[x, 3]                % Mix of identifiers and literals

Section 4.3.6 gives the regular expressions specifying the syntax for float and int literals.

4.3.1.4. FlatZinc models

A FlatZinc model consists of:

  1. zero or more external predicate declarations (i.e., a non-standard predicate that is supported directly by the target solver);
  2. zero or more parameter declarations;
  3. zero or more variable declarations;
  4. zero or more constraints;
  5. a solve goal

in that order.

FlatZinc uses the UTF-8 character set. Non-ASCII characters can only appear in string literals.

FlatZinc syntax is case sensitive (foo and Foo are different names). Identifiers start with a letter ([A-Za-z]) and are followed by any sequence of letters, digits, or underscores ([A-Za-z0-9_]). Additionally, identifiers of variable or parameter names may start with an underscore. Identifiers that correspond to the names of predicates, predicate parameters and annotations cannot have leading underscores.

The following keywords are reserved and cannot be used as identifiers: annotation, any, array, bool, case, constraint, diff, div, else, elseif, endif, enum, false, float, function, if, in, include, int, intersect, let, list, maximize, minimize, mod, not, of, satisfy, subset, superset, output, par, predicate, record, set, solve, string, symdiff, test, then, true, tuple, union, type, var, where, xor. Note that some of these keywords are not used in FlatZinc. They are reserved because they are keywords in Zinc and MiniZinc.

FlatZinc syntax is insensitive to whitespace.

4.3.1.5. Predicate declarations

(See rule <predicate-item> in Section 4.3.6)

Predicates used in the model that are not standard FlatZinc must be declared at the top of a FlatZinc model, before any other lexical items. Predicate declarations take the form

<predicate-item> ::= "predicate" <identifier> "(" [ <pred-param-type> : <identifier> "," ... ] ")" ";"

Annotations are not permitted anywhere in predicate declarations.

It is illegal to supply more than one predicate declaration for a given <identifier>.

Examples:

    % m is the median value of {x, y, z}.
    %
predicate median_of_3(var int: x, var int: y, var int: z, var int: m);

    % all_different([x1, .., xn]) iff
    % for all i, j in 1..n: xi != xj.
    %
predicate all_different(array [int] of var int: xs);

    % exactly_one([x1, .., xn]) iff
    % there exists an i in 1..n: xi = true
    % and for all j in 1..n: j != i -> xj = false.
    %
predicate exactly_one(array [int] of var bool: xs);

4.3.1.6. Parameter declarations

(See rule param_decl in Section 4.3.6)

Parameters have fixed values and must be assigned values:

<par-decl-item> ::= <par-type> ":" <var-par-identifier> "=" <par-expr> ";"

where <par-type> is a parameter type, <var-par-identifier> is an identifier, and <par-expr> is a literal value (either a basic integer, float or bool literal, or a set or array of such literals).

Annotations are not permitted anywhere in parameter declarations.

Examples:

float: pi = 3.141;
array [1..7] of int: fib = [1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13];
bool: beer_is_good = true;

4.3.1.7. Variable declarations

(See rule var_decl in Section 4.3.6)

Variables have variable types and can be declared with optional assignments. The assignment can fix a variable to a literal value, or create an alias to another variable. Arrays of variables always have an assignment, defining them in terms of an array literal that can contain identifiers of variables or constant literals. Variables may be declared with zero or more annotations.

<var-decl-item> ::= <basic-var-type> ":" <var-par-identifier> <annotations> [ "=" <basic-expr> ] ";"
                  | <array-var-type> ":" <var-par-identifier> <annotations> "=" <array-literal> ";"
                  

where <basic-var-type> and <array-var-type> are variable types, <var-par-identifier> is an identifier, <annotations> is a (possibly empty) set of annotations, <basic-expr> is an identifier or a literal, and <array-literal> is a literal array value.

Examples:

var 0..9: digit;
var bool: b;
var set of 1..3: s;
var 0.0..1.0: x;
var int: y :: mip;        % 'mip' annotation: y should be a MIP variable.
array [1..3] of var 1..10: b = [y, 3, digit];

4.3.1.8. Constraints

(See rule <constraint-item> in Section 4.3.6)

Constraints take the following form and may include zero or more annotations:

<constraint-item> ::= "constraint" <identifier> "(" [ <expr> "," ... ] ")" <annotations> ";"

The arguments expressions (<expr>) can be literal values or identifiers.

Examples:

constraint int_le(0, x);    % 0 <= x
constraint int_lt(x, y);    % x <  y
constraint int_le(y, 10);   % y <= 10
    % 'domain': use domain consistency for this constraint:
    % 2x + 3y = 10
constraint int_lin_eq([2, 3], [x, y], 10) :: domain;

4.3.1.9. Solve item

(See rule <solve-item> in Section 4.3.6)

A model finishes with a solve item, taking one of the following forms:

<solve-item> ::= "solve" <annotations> "satisfy" ";"
               | "solve" <annotations> "minimize" <basic-expr> ";"
               | "solve" <annotations> "maximize" <basic-expr> ";"

The first alternative searches for any satisfying assignment, the second one searches for an assignment minimizing the given expression, and the third one for an assignment maximizing the expression. The <basic-expr> can be either a variable identifier or a literal value (if the objective function is constant).

A solution consists of a complete assignment where all variables in the model have been given a fixed value.

Examples:

solve satisfy;      % Find any solution using the default strategy.

solve minimize w;   % Find a solution minimizing w, using the default strategy.

    % First label the variables in xs in the order x[1], x[2], ...
    % trying values in ascending order.
solve :: int_search(xs, input_order, indomain_min, complete)
    satisfy;    % Find any solution.

    % First use first-fail on these variables, splitting domains
    % at each choice point.
solve :: int_search([x, y, z], first_fail, indomain_split, complete)
    maximize x; % Find a solution maximizing x.

4.3.1.10. Annotations

Annotations are optional suggestions to the solver concerning how individual variables and constraints should be handled (e.g., a particular solver may have multiple representations for int variables) and how search should proceed. An implementation is free to ignore any annotations it does not recognise, although it should print a warning on the standard error stream if it does so. Annotations are unordered and idempotent: annotations can be reordered and duplicates can be removed without changing the meaning of the annotations.

An annotation is prefixed by ::, and either just an identifier or an expression that looks like a predicate call:

<annotations> ::= [ "::" <annotation> ]*

<annotation> ::= <identifier>
               | <identifier> "(" <ann-expr> "," ... ")"

<ann-expr>   := <basic-ann-expr>
              | "[" [ <basic-ann-expr> "," ... ] "]"

<basic-ann-expr>   := <basic-literal-expr>
                    | <string-literal>
                    | <annotation>

<string-contents> ::= ([^"\n\] | \[^\n(])*

<string-literal> ::= """ <string-contents> """

The arguments of the second alternative can be any expression or other annotations (without the leading ::).

Search annotations

While an implementation is free to ignore any or all annotations in a model, it is recommended that implementations at least recognise the following standard annotations for solve items.

seq_search([<searchannotation>, ...])

allows more than one search annotation to be specified in a particular order (otherwise annotations can be handled in any order).

A <searchannotation> is one of the following:

int_search(<vars>, <varchoiceannotation>, <assignmentannotation>, <strategyannotation>)

bool_search(<vars>, <varchoiceannotation>, <assignmentannotation>, <strategyannotation>)

set_search(<vars>, <varchoiceannotation>, <assignmentannotation>, <strategyannotation>)

where <vars> is the identifier of an array variable or an array literal specifying the variables to be assigned (ints, bools, or sets respectively). Note that these arrays may contain literal values.

<varchoiceannotation> specifies how the next variable to be assigned is chosen at each choice point. Possible choices are as follows (it is recommended that implementations support the starred options):

input_order \(\star\) Choose variables in the order they appear in vars.
first_fail \(\star\) Choose the variable with the smallest domain.
anti_first_fail   Choose the variable with the largest domain.
smallest   Choose the variable with the smallest value in its domain.
largest   Choose the variable with the largest value in its domain.
occurrence   Choose the variable with the largest number of attached constraints.
most_constrained   Choose the variable with the smallest domain, breaking ties using the number of constraints.
max_regret   Choose the variable with the largest difference between the two smallest values in its domain.
dom_w_deg   Choose the variable with the smallest value of domain size divided by weighted degree, where the weighted degree is the number of times the variables been in a constraint which failed

<assignmentannotation> specifies how the chosen variable should be constrained. Possible choices are as follows (it is recommended that implementations support at least the starred options):

indomain_min \(\star\) Assign the smallest value in the variable’s domain.
indomain_max \(\star\) Assign the largest value in the variable’s domain.
indomain_middle   Assign the value in the variable’s domain closest to the mean of its current bounds.
indomain_median   Assign the middle value in the variable’s domain.
indomain   Nondeterministically assign values to the variable in ascending order.
indomain_random   Assign a random value from the variable’s domain.
indomain_split   Bisect the variable’s domain, excluding the upper half first.
indomain_reverse_split   Bisect the variable’s domain, excluding the lower half first.
indomain_interval   If the variable’s domain consists of several contiguous intervals, reduce the domain to the first interval. Otherwise just split the variable’s domain.

Of course, not all assignment strategies make sense for all search annotations (e.g., bool_search and indomain_split).

Finally, <strategyannotation> specifies a search strategy; implementations should at least support complete (i.e., exhaustive search).

Output annotations

Model output is specified through variable annotations. Non-array output variables are annotated with output_var. Array output variables are annotated with output_array([ \(x_1\) .. \(x_2\) , ... ]) where \(x_1\) .. \(x_2\) , ... are the index set ranges of the original MiniZinc array (which may have had multiple dimensions and/or index sets that do not start at 1). See Section 4.3.2 for details on the output format.

Variable definition annotations

To support solvers capable of exploiting functional relationships, a variable defined as a function of other variables may be annotated thus:

var int: x :: is_defined_var;

...

constraint int_plus(y, z, x) :: defines_var(x);

(The defines_var annotation should appear on exactly one constraint.) This allows a solver to represent x internally as a representation of y+z rather than as a separate constrained variable. The is_defined_var annotation on the declaration of x provides “early warning” to the solver that such an option is available.

Intermediate variables

Intermediate variables introduced during conversion of a MiniZinc model to FlatZinc may be annotated thus:

var int: X_INTRODUCED_3 :: var_is_introduced;

This information is potentially useful to the solver’s search strategy.

Constraint annotations

Annotations can be placed on constraints advising the solver how the constraint should be implemented. Here are some constraint annotations supported by some solvers:

bounds or boundsZ Use integer bounds propagation.
boundsR Use real bounds propagation.
boundsD A tighter version of boundsZ where support for the bounds must exist.
domain Use domain propagation.
priority(k) where k is an integer constant indicating propagator priority.

4.3.2. Output

An implementation can produce three types of output: solutions, statistics, and errors.

4.3.2.1. Solution output

An implementation must output values for all and only the variables annotated with output_var or output_array (output annotations must not appear on parameters). Output must be printed to the standard output stream.

For example:

var 1..10: x :: output_var;
var 1..10: y;       % y is not output.
    % Output zs as a "flat" representation of a 2D array:
array [1..4] of var int: zs :: output_array([1..2, 1..2]);

All non-error output must be sent to the standard output stream.

Output must take the following form:

<var-par-identifier> = <basic-literal-expr> ;

or, for array variables,

<var-par-identifier> = array<N>d(<a>..<b>, ..., [<y1>, <y2>, ... <yk>]);

where <N> is the number of index sets specified in the corresponding output_array annotation, <a>..<b>, ... are the index set ranges, and <y1>, <y2>, ... <yk> are literals of the element type.

Using this format, the output of a FlatZinc model solution is suitable for input to a MiniZinc model as a data file (this is why parameters are not included in the output).

Implementations must ensure that all model variables (not just the output variables) have satisfying assignments before printing a solution.

The output for a solution must be terminated with ten consecutive minus signs on a separate line: ----------.

Multiple solutions may be output, one after the other, as search proceeds. How many solutions should be output depends on the mode the solver is run in as controlled by the -a command line flag (see Section 4.3.4).

If at least one solution has been found and search then terminates having explored the whole search space, then ten consecutive equals signs should be printed on a separate line: ==========.

If no solutions have been found and search terminates having explored the whole search space, then =====UNSATISFIABLE===== should be printed on a separate line.

If the objective of an optimization problem is unbounded, then =====UNBOUNDED===== should be printed on a separate line.

If no solutions have been found and search terminates having not explored the whole search space, then =====UNKNOWN===== should be printed on a separate line.

Implementations may output further information about the solution(s), or lack thereof, in the form of FlatZinc comments.

Examples:

Asking for a single solution to this model:

var 1..3: x :: output_var;
solve satisfy

might produce this output:

x = 1;
----------

Asking for all solutions to this model:

array [1..2] of var 1..3: xs :: output_array([1..2]);
constraint int_lt(xs[1], xs[2]);    % x[1] < x[2].
solve satisfy

might produce this output:

xs = array1d(1..2, [1, 2]);
----------
xs = array1d(1..2, [1, 3]);
----------
xs = array1d(1..2, [2, 3]);
----------
==========

Asking for a single solution to this model:

var 1..10: x :: output_var;
solve maximize x;

should produce this output:

x = 10;
----------
==========

The row of equals signs indicates that a complete search was performed and that the last result printed is the optimal solution.

Running a solver on this model with some termination condition (such as a very short time-out):

var 1..10: x :: output_var;
solve maximize x;

might produce this output:

x = 1;
----------
x = 2;
----------
x = 3;
----------

Because the output does not finish with ==========, search did not finish, hence these results must be interpreted as approximate solutions to the optimization problem.

Asking for a solution to this model:

var 1..3: x :: output_var;
var 4..6: y :: output_var;
constraint int_lt(y, x);    % y < x.
solve satisfy;

should produce this output:

=====UNSATISFIABLE=====

indicating that a complete search was performed and no solutions were found (i.e., the problem is unsatisfiable).

4.3.2.2. Statistics output

FlatZinc solvers can output statistics in a standard format so that it can be read by scripts, for example, in order to run experiments and automatically aggregate the results. Statistics should be printed to the standard output stream in the form of FlatZinc comments that follow a specific format. Statistics can be output at any time during the solving, i.e., before the first solution, between solutions, and after the search has finished. Statistics output corresponding to a solution should be the last one before its ‘———-‘ separator.

Each value should be output on a line of its own in the following format:

%%%mzn-stat: <name>=<value>

Each block of statistics is terminated by a line of its own with the following format:

%%%mzn-stat-end

Example

%%%mzn-stat: objective=1e+308
%%%mzn-stat: objectiveBound=0
%%%mzn-stat: nodes=0
%%%mzn-stat: solveTime=2.3567
%%%mzn-stat-end

(no feasible solution found yet but something can be printed...)

%%%mzn-stat: objective=12345
%%%mzn-stat: objectiveBound=122
%%%mzn-stat: nodes=35
%%%mzn-stat: solveTime=78.5799
%%%mzn-stat-end

(the corresponding feasible solution with value 12345 goes here
   or before its statistics but above the separator)
----------               (<- the solution separator)

%%%mzn-stat: objective=379
%%%mzn-stat: objectiveBound=379
%%%mzn-stat: nodes=4725
%%%mzn-stat: solveTime=178.5799
%%%mzn-stat-end

(the corr. optimal solution with value 379 goes here)
----------
==========               (<- the 'search complete' marker)

%%%mzn-stat: objective=379      (<- this is the concluding output)
%%%mzn-stat: objectiveBound=379
%%%mzn-stat: nodes=13456
%%%mzn-stat: solveTime=2378.5799
%%%mzn-stat-end

The <name> describes the kind of statistics gathered, and the <value> can be any value of a MiniZinc type. The following names are considered standard statistics:

Name Type Explanation
nodes int Number of search nodes
openNodes int Number of open search nodes
objective float Current objective value
objectiveBound float Dual bound on the objective value
failures int Number of leaf nodes that were failed
restarts int Number of times the solver restarted the search
variables int Number of variables
intVariables int Number of integer variables created
boolVariables int Number of bool variables created
floatVariables int Number of float variables created
setVariables int Number of set variables created
propagators int Number of propagators created
propagations int Number of propagator invocations
peakDepth int Peak depth of search tree
nogoods int Number of nogoods created
backjumps int Number of backjumps
peakMem float Peak memory (in Mbytes)
initTime float Initialisation time (in seconds)
solveTime float Solving time (in seconds)

4.3.2.3. Error and warning output

Errors and warnings must be output to the standard error stream. When an error occurs, the implementation should exit with a non-zero exit code, signaling failure.

4.3.3. Solver-specific Libraries

Constraints in FlatZinc can call standard predicates as well as solver-specific predicates. Standard predicates are the ones that the MiniZinc compiler assumes to be present in all solvers. Without further customisation, the compiler will try to compile the entire model into a set of these standard predicates.

Solvers can use custom predicates and redefine standard predicates by supplying a solver specific library of predicate declarations. Examples of such libraries can be found in the binary distribution of MiniZinc, inside the share/minizinc/gecode and share/minizinc/chuffed directories.

The solver-specific library needs to be made available to the MiniZinc compiler by specifying its location in the solver’s configuration file, see Section 4.3.5.

4.3.3.1. Standard predicates

FlatZinc solvers need to support the predicates listed as FlatZinc builtins in the library reference documentation, see Section 4.2.3.

Any standard predicate that is not supported by a solver needs to be redefined. This can be achieved by placing a file called redefinitions.mzn in the solver’s MiniZinc library, which can contain alternative definitions of predicates, or define them as unsupported using the abort predicate.

Example for a redefinitions.mzn:

% Redefine float_sinh function in terms of exp
predicate float_sinh(var float: a, var float: b) =
    b == (exp(a)-exp(-a))/2.0;

% Mark float_tanh as unsupported
predicate float_tanh(var float: a, var float: b) =
    abort("The builtin float_tanh is not supported by this solver.");

The redefinition can use the full MiniZinc language. Note, however, that redefining builtin predicates in terms of MiniZinc expressions can lead to problems if the MiniZinc compiler translates the high-level expression back to the redefined builtin.

The reference documentation (Section 4.2.3) also contains sections on builtins that were added in later versions of MiniZinc. In order to maintain backwards compatibility with solvers that don’t support these, they are organised in redefinition files with a version number attached, such as redefinitions-2.0.mzn. In order to declare support for these builtins, the solver-specific library must contain the corresponding redefinitions file, with the predicates either redefined in terms of other predicates, or declared as supported natively by the solver by providing a predicate declaration without a body.

Example for a redefinitions-2.0.mzn that declares native support for the predicates added in MiniZinc 2.0:

predicate bool_clause_reif(array[int] of var bool: as,
                           array[int] of var bool: bs,
                           var bool: b);
predicate array_int_maximum(var int: m, array[int] of var int: x);
predicate array_float_maximum(var float: m, array[int] of var float: x);
predicate array_int_minimum(var int: m, array[int] of var int: x);
predicate array_float_minimum(var float: m, array[int] of var float: x);

4.3.3.2. Solver-specific predicates

Many solvers have built-in support for some of the constraints in the MiniZinc standard library. But without declaring which constraints they support, MiniZinc will assume that they don’t support any except for the standard FlatZinc builtins mentioned in the section above.

A solver can declare that it supports a non-standard constraint by overriding one of the files of the standard library in its own solver-specific library. For example, assume that a solver supports the all_different constraint on integer variables. In the standard library, this constraint is defined in the file fzn_all_different_int.mzn, with the following implementation:

predicate fzn_all_different_int(array[int] of var int: x) =
  forall(i,j in index_set(x) where i < j) ( x[i] != x[j] );

A solver, let’s call it OptiSolve, that supports this constraint natively can place a file with the same name, fzn_all_different_int.mzn, in its library, and redefine it as follows:

predicate optisolve_alldifferent(array[int] of var int: x);

predicate fzn_all_different_int(array[int] of var int: x) =
  optisolve_alldifferent(x);

When a MiniZinc model that contains the all_different constraint is now compiled with the OptiSolve library, the generated FlatZinc will contain calls to the newly defined predicate optisolve_alldifferent.

Note: The solver-specific library has been reorganised for MiniZinc version 2.3.0. Previously, a solver library would contain e.g. the file bin_packing.mzn in order to override the bin_packing constraint. With version 2.3.0, this is still possible (in order to maintain backwards compatibility). However, the predicate bin_packing from file bin_packing.mzn now delegates to the predicate fzn_bin_packing in fzn_bin_packing.mzn. This enables the bin_packing predicate to check that the arguments are correct using assertions, before delegating to the solver-specific predicate. If your solver still uses the old library layout (i.e., overriding bin_packing.mzn instead of fzn_bin_packing.mzn), you should consider updating it to the new standard.

4.3.3.3. Reified and half-reified predicates

A reified constraint is a constraint that is not simply enforced, but whose truth value is bound to a Boolean variable. For example, a MiniZinc expression var bool: b = all_different(x); would constrain b to be true if and only if the variables x take pairwise different values.

If a predicate is called in such a reified context, the MiniZinc compiler will try to find a version of the predicate with _reif added to its identifier and an additional var bool argument. For the above example, the compiler will try to generate the following FlatZinc code:

var bool: b;
constraint all_different_reif(x, b);

If the _reif predicate does not exist, the compiler will try to use the definition of the original predicate. However, this may not be ideal: the original definition may make use of free variables in a let expression (which is not allowed in reified contexts), or it may lead to inefficient solving.

Solver libraries should therefore provide reified versions of constraints whenever possible. The library contains files fzn__reif.mzn for this purpose.

When a reified constraint is used in a positive context (see pred-context), the MiniZinc compiler can use a special version, called a half-reified predicate and identified by an _imp suffix, instead of the _reif predicate. Half-reified predicates essentially represent constraints that are implied by a Boolean variable rather than being equivalent to one. This typically leads to simpler translations or more efficient propagation (e.g., a half-reified all_different only needs to check whether it is false, but it never has to implement the negation of the actual constraint).

For example, constraint y=0 \/ all_different(x) might be translated as follows:

var bool: X_INTRODUCED_1;
var bool: X_INTRODUCED_2;
constraint int_eq_imp(y,0,X_INTRODUCED_1);
constraint all_different_imp(x, X_INTRODUCED_2);
constraint array_bool_or([X_INTRODUCED_1,X_INTRODUCED_2]);

MiniZinc will decide whether to use half-reification case by case based on the availability of the _imp predicate. As for reified constraints, it may be benefitial to provide specialised half-reified versions if the solver supports them.

4.3.4. Command-Line Interface and Standard Options

In order to work with the minizinc command line driver, a FlatZinc solver must be an executable (which can include e.g. shell scripts) that can be invoked as follows:

$ <executable-name> [options] model.fzn

where is the name of the executable. Solvers may support the following standard options:

-a

Instructs the solver to report all solutions in the case of satisfaction problems, or print intermediate solutions of increasing quality in the case of optimisation problems.

-n <i>

Instructs the solver to stop after reporting i solutions (only used with satisfaction problems).

-i

Instructs the solver to print intermediate solutions of increasing quality (only used with optimisation problems). This option should be supported rather than -a for solvers which only support printing of intermediate solutions for optimisation problems but no reporting of all solutions for satisfaction problems.

-f

Instructs the solver to conduct a “free search”, i.e., ignore any search annotations. The solver is not required to ignore the annotations, but it is allowed to do so.

-s

Print statistics during and/or after the search for solutions. Statistics should be printed as FlatZinc comments to the standard output stream. See below for a standard format for statistics.

-v

Print log messages (verbose solving) to the standard error stream. If solvers choose to print to standard output instead, all messages must be valid comments (i.e., start with a % character).

-p <i>

Run with i parallel threads (for multi-threaded solvers).

-r <i>

Use i as the random seed (for any random number generators the solver may be using).

-t <ms>

Wall time limit ms milliseconds.

4.3.5. Solver Configuration Files

In order for a solver to be available to MiniZinc, it has to be described in a solver configuration file. This is a simple file, in JSON or .dzn format, that contains some basic information such as the solver’s name, version, where its library of global constraints can be found, and a path to its executable. Examples are given in section Solver Backends in User Manual.

A solver configuration file must have file extension .msc (for MiniZinc Solver Configuration), and can be placed in any of the following locations:

  • In the minizinc/solvers/ directory of the MiniZinc installation. If you install MiniZinc from the binary distribution, this directory can be found at /usr/share/minizinc/solvers on Linux systems, inside the MiniZincIDE application on macOS system, and in the Program Files\MiniZinc IDE (bundled) folder on Windows.
  • In the directory $HOME/.minizinc/solvers on Linux and macOS systems, and the Application Data directory on Windows systems.
  • In any directory listed on the MZN_SOLVER_PATH environment variable (directories are separated by : on Linux and macOS, and by ; on Windows systems).
  • In any directory listed in the mzn_solver_path option of the global or user-specific configuration file (see Section 3.1.4)
  • Alternatively, you can use the MiniZinc IDE to create solver configuration files, see Section 3.2.5.2 for details.

Solver configuration files must be valid JSON or .dzn files. As a JSON file, it must be an object with certain fields. As a .dzn file, it must consist of assignment items.

For example, a simple solver configuration in JSON format could look like this:

{
  "name" : "My Solver",
  "version": "1.0",
  "id": "org.myorg.my_solver",
  "executable": "fzn-mysolver"
}

The same configuration in .dzn format would look like this:

name = "My Solver";
version = "1.0";
id = "org.myorg.my_solver";
executable = "fzn-mysolver";

Here is a list of all configuration options recognised by the configuration file parser. Any valid configuration file must at least contain the fields name, version, id, and executable.

  • name (string, required): The name of the solver (displayed, together with the version, when you call minizinc --solvers, and in the MiniZinc IDE).
  • version (string, required): The version of the solver.
  • id (string, required): A unique identifier for the solver, “reverse domain name” notation.
  • executable (string, required): The executable for this solver that can run FlatZinc files. This can be just a file name (in which case the solver has to be on the current PATH), or an absolute path to the executable, or a relative path (which is interpreted relative to the location of the configuration file).
  • mznlib (string, default ""): The solver-specific library of global constraints and redefinitions. This should be the name of a directory (either an absolute path or a relative path, interpreted relative to the location of the configuration file). For solvers whose libraries are installed in the same location as the MiniZinc standard library, this can also take the form -G, e.g., -Ggecode (this is mostly the case for solvers that ship with the MiniZinc binary distribution).
  • tags (list of strings, default empty): Each solver can have one or more tags that describe its features in an abstract way. Tags can be used for selecting a solver using the --solver option. There is no fixed list of tags, however we recommend using the following tags if they match the solver’s behaviour:
    • "cp": for Constraint Programming solvers
    • "mip": for Mixed Integer Programming solvers
    • "float": for solvers that support float variables
    • "api": for solvers that use the internal C++ API
  • stdFlags (list of strings, default empty): Which of the standard solver command line flags are supported by this solver. The standard flags are -a, -n, -i, -s, -v, -p, -r, -f, -t.
  • extraFlags (list of list of strings, default empty): Extra command line flags supported by the solver. Each entry must be a list of four strings. The first string is the name of the option (e.g. "--special-algorithm"). The second string is a description that can be used to generate help output (e.g. "which special algorithm to use"). The third string specifies the type of the argument ("int", "bool", "float", "string" or "opt"). The fourth string is the default value. The following types have an additional extended syntax:
    • "int:n:m" where n and m are integers, gives lower and upper bounds for the supported values
    • "float:n:m" where n and m are floating point numbers, gives lower and upper bounds for the supported values
    • "bool:onstring:offstring" specifies strings to add to the command line flag to turn it on (onstring) and off (offstring). E.g., ["-interrupt","whether to catch Ctrl-C","bool:false:true","true"] specifies a command line option that can be called as -interrupt true or -interrupt false. The standard behaviour (just "bool") means that the option is either added to the command line or not.
    • "opt:first option:second option:...:last option" specifies a list of possible values for the option
  • supportsMzn (bool, default false): Whether the solver can run MiniZinc directly (i.e., it implements its own compilation or interpretation of the model).
  • supportsFzn (bool, default true): Whether the solver can run FlatZinc. This should be the case for most solvers
  • needsSolns2Out (bool, default true): Whether the output of the solver needs to be passed through the MiniZinc output processor.
  • needsMznExecutable (bool, default false): Whether the solver needs to know the location of the MiniZinc executable. If true, it will be passed to the solver using the mzn-executable option.
  • needsStdlibDir (bool, default false): Whether the solver needs to know the location of the MiniZinc standard library directory. If true, it will be passed to the solver using the stdlib-dir option.
  • isGUIApplication (bool, default false): Whether the solver has its own graphical user interface, which means that MiniZinc will detach from the process and not wait for it to finish or to produce any output.

4.3.6. Grammar

This is the full grammar for FlatZinc. It is a proper subset of the MiniZinc grammar (see Section 4.1.14). However, instead of specifying all the cases in the MiniZinc grammar that do not apply to FlatZinc, the BNF syntax below contains only the relevant syntactic constructs. It uses the same notation as in Section 4.1.2.

% A FlatZinc model
<model> ::= 
  [ <predicate-item> ]*
  [ <par-decl-item> ]*
  [ <var-decl-item> ]*
  [ <constraint-item> ]*
  <solve-item>

% Predicate items
<predicate-item> ::= "predicate" <identifier> "(" [ <pred-param-type> : <identifier> "," ... ] ")" ";"

% Identifiers
<identifier> ::= [A-Za-z][A-Za-z0-9_]*

<basic-par-type> ::= "bool"
                   | "int"
                   | "float"
                   | "set of int"

<par-type> ::= <basic-par-type>
             | "array" "[" <index-set> "]" "of" <basic-par-type>

<basic-var-type> ::= "var" <basic-par-type>
                   | "var" <int-literal> ".." <int-literal>
                   | "var" "{" <int-literal> "," ... "}"
                   | "var" <float-literal> ".." <float-literal>
                   | "var" "set" "of" <int-literal> ".." <int-literal>
                   | "var" "set" "of" "{" [ <int-literal> "," ... ] "}"

<array-var-type> ::= "array" "[" <index-set> "]" "of" <basic-var-type>

<index-set> ::= "1" ".." <int-literal>

<basic-pred-param-type> ::= <basic-par-type>
                          | <basic-var-type>
                          | <int-literal> ".." <int-literal>
                          | <float-literal> ".." <float-literal>
                          | "{" <int-literal> "," ... "}"
                          | "set" "of" <int-literal> .. <int-literal>
                          | "set" "of" "{" [  <int-literal> "," ... ] "}"

<pred-param-type> ::= <basic-pred-param-type>
                    | "array" "[" <pred-index-set> "]" "of" <basic-pred-param-type>

<pred-index-set> ::= <index-set>
                   | "int"

<basic-literal-expr> ::= <bool-literal>
                       | <int-literal>
                       | <float-literal>
                       | <set-literal>

<basic-expr> ::= <basic-literal-expr>
              | <var-par-identifier>

<expr>       ::= <basic-expr>
               | <array-literal>

<par-expr>   ::= <basic-literal-expr>
               | <par-array-literal>

<var-par-identifier> ::= [A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*

% Boolean literals
<bool-literal> ::= "false"
                 | "true"

% Integer literals
<int-literal> ::= [-]?[0-9]+
                | [-]?0x[0-9A-Fa-f]+
                | [-]?0o[0-7]+

% Float literals
<float-literal> ::= [-]?[0-9]+.[0-9]+
                  | [-]?[0-9]+.[0-9]+[Ee][-+]?[0-9]+
                  | [-]?[0-9]+[Ee][-+]?[0-9]+

% Set literals
<set-literal> ::= "{" [ <int-literal> "," ... ] "}"
                | <int-literal> ".." <int-literal>
                | "{" [ <float-literal> "," ... ] "}"
                | <float-literal> ".." <float-literal>

<array-literal> ::= "[" [ <basic-expr> "," ... ] "]"

<par-array-literal> ::= "[" [ <basic-literal-expr> "," ... ] "]"

% Parameter declarations

<par-decl-item> ::= <par-type> ":" <var-par-identifier> "=" <par-expr> ";"

% Variable declarations

<var-decl-item> ::= <basic-var-type> ":" <var-par-identifier> <annotations> [ "=" <basic-expr> ] ";"
                  | <array-var-type> ":" <var-par-identifier> <annotations> "=" <array-literal> ";"
                  

% Constraint items

<constraint-item> ::= "constraint" <identifier> "(" [ <expr> "," ... ] ")" <annotations> ";"

% Solve item

<solve-item> ::= "solve" <annotations> "satisfy" ";"
               | "solve" <annotations> "minimize" <basic-expr> ";"
               | "solve" <annotations> "maximize" <basic-expr> ";"

% Annotations

<annotations> ::= [ "::" <annotation> ]*

<annotation> ::= <identifier>
               | <identifier> "(" <ann-expr> "," ... ")"

<ann-expr>   := <basic-ann-expr>
              | "[" [ <basic-ann-expr> "," ... ] "]"

<basic-ann-expr>   := <basic-literal-expr>
                    | <string-literal>
                    | <annotation>

<string-contents> ::= ([^"\n\] | \[^\n(])*

<string-literal> ::= """ <string-contents> """

% End of FlatZinc grammar